50 States Project

Marc Los Huertos

June 02, 2022

Updated: 2022-06-02 06:32:50

Introduction

CO\(_2\) Emissions and Climate Change

Human activities are driving climate change. While some debate about the severity and relative contribution of human activities, the evidence that humans are driving global warming is extremely compelling and is directly linked to CO\(_2\) emmissions. Moreover, the planet’s CO\(_2\) emissions continue to increase, which means the warming will continue unless we can otherwise reduce the drivers of warming.

While the USA emits about 14% of the globes total CO\(_2\) emissions, the second most important emitter, few in the US appreciate the uneven nature of climate change in terms of temperature.

Observed CO~2~ concentrations (black) have been steadily increasing since we have begun measuring them in the 1950s, with a best fit line (red). Note that the slope or the rate of change is also increasing. Observed CO2 concentrations (black) have been steadily increasing since we have begun measuring them in the 1950s, with a best fit line (red). Note that the slope or the rate of change is also increasing.

A Word of Warning

There are more ways to analyze climate patterns than there are people in the world. As a pastor once said to me, “we don’t base our theology on one verse in the Bible”, so we don’t base our understanding of climate change on one dataset or analysis approach.

Thus, while our individual weather stations provide indepedent sources of data that are combine to help us understand climate change, individual stations may or may not be consistent with the global pattern or expectation. For example in some regions, the signal (evidence) for climate change might be ambiguous and in other regions it might be easily detected. Learning to zoom in and telescope out is an important skill promoted by this project.

Fifty States Project

We ofen hear about the globe’s rising temperatures without learning much about how weather records in our own region might be contriubuting to these climate change patterns.

In most cases, a station in a state supports the overall global pattern, but in some we see patterns that are ambiguous or even contractory. For this project, we analyze the records for a weather station in each state.

Approach

For this project, I downloaded the longest and most complete record for each state and developed a standard set of analysis procedures and share them below.

I have also been working to create short videos that will be shared on various forms of social media.

For additional description of the project methods and R code, see (Weather Station Records and Communicating Climate Change)

Basics in Analyzing Data

Correlation and Causation

One of the most important parts of science is critical thinking, which begins with trying to root out logical falacies. One that comes up alot is the falacy that ``correlation is causation’’. In our case, many of the analysis included here are changes over time. Time in and of itself isn’t the cause of temperature or precipitation changes. Thus, we need to keep in mind, climate changes are due to complex dynanmics in the Earth System, which include natural and anthropocentric drivers.

Statistical Considerations

In many cases, I will report the probability associated with correlations. However, these statistics obscure one of the hardest concepts in statistics: we test the null hypothesis, which might be “no change”. Thus, if the chances are low (< 5% change or 0.05 as a probability), we reject the null hypothesis and accept the altnernative, which in this case is “change”. Frankly, statistics is a bit like walking in a door backwards. You stil get in, but the path is less straightforward.

On this page, I create crude normal probability distributions for each 20 years of records using the mean and standard deviation to “visualize” the change. Most of the data do not meet the assumptions that the data are normally distributed, so we need to see these images as approximations and not a definitive analysis.

Animated Times Series and Predictionss

Sometimes it’s a bit easier to see how these patterns develop over time and relative to what we think of as “pre-industrial” concentrations, which forms a base-line.

Although an animated figured can serve to show changes, it can also be distracting or hard to follow. For example, below I have a pretty straight forward image demonstrating the CO\(_2\) changes in Mauna Loa. I think this works pretty well, but I suspect not everyone would agree.

Observed CO2 concentrations (black) have been steadily increasing since we have begun measuring them in late 1950s, with a loess line (red). Note that the slope or the rate of change is also increasing.

Observed CO~2~ concentrations (black) have been steadily increasing since we have begun measuring them in late 1950s, with a loess line (red). Note that the slope or the rate of change is also increasing.

One take home lesson that is critical is that the patterns of the past may not lead to useful predictions into the future. A site that has not shown evidence of climate change in the past might stay the same or reach a tipping point where we might detect dramatic changes. We often rely on modeling the climate system to make predictions, which is well beyond my project here.

States by Region

New England

Connecticut

Station Map (ID: USC00068138) Station Map (ID: USC00068138)

Connecticut) has experienced a dramatic increase in tempteratures in the last few decades, between 2-4 degress if the patterns continue in this decade.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Delaware

Station Map (ID: USC00079605) Station Map (ID: USC00079605)

Similar to Connecticut, Delaware’s record suggest an dramatic increase in minimum temperatures in the last couple of decades, however, the maximum temperatures do not seem to show any obvious pattern of change. Thus, we need to look in more detail into the regional context to better understand this pattern.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Maine

Station Map (ID: GARDINER, ME US (ID:GHCND:USC00173046)) Station Map (ID: GARDINER, ME US (ID:GHCND:USC00173046))

Maine (2022) has experienced dramatically warmer minumum and maximum temperatures in the last few decades. As one of the most northern states, we should note that climate models suggest that the higher latitude (i.e.the poles) will experience the greatest temperature changes.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Massachusetts

Station Map (ID: BLUE HILL COOP, MA US (ID:GHCND:USC00190736)) Station Map (ID: BLUE HILL COOP, MA US (ID:GHCND:USC00190736))

Massachusetts (2022)’s record seems unambiguous, the temperatures have been warming dramatically.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

New Hampshire

Station Map (ID: HANOVER, NH US (ID:GHCND:USC00273850)) Station Map (ID: HANOVER, NH US (ID:GHCND:USC00273850))

New Hampshire (2022)’s might be the most pronounced in New England the temperature increases with as much as 5 degrees.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Rhode Island

Station Map (ID: KINGSTON, RI US (ID:GHCND:USC00374266)) Station Map (ID: KINGSTON, RI US (ID:GHCND:USC00374266))

Rhode Island (2022)’s record… TBD

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Vermont

Station Map (ID: Saint Johnsbury, VT US (ID:GHCND:USC00437054)) Station Map (ID: Saint Johnsbury, VT US (ID:GHCND:USC00437054))

Vermont (2022) will be TBD

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Apallatian and Estern Mississippi Drainages Areas

Kentucky

Station Map (ID: LEXINGTON BLUEGRASS AIRPORT, KY US (ID:GHCND:USW00093820)) Station Map (ID: LEXINGTON BLUEGRASS AIRPORT, KY US (ID:GHCND:USW00093820))

Kentucky’s temperature changes do not seem to follow the expected warming trends. In fact, this figure suggests that some cooling has occurred. As noted throughout this text, we need to be sure 1) that the records is accurate and 2) to contextulize the changes at this location with others in the region. When we found consistent data between stations in a region, we might be in a better position to determine the overall patterns. Finally, we need to better understand the dynamics of weather in the region to see if we can have a more rubost understanding of climate change.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

West Virginia

Station Map (ID: Glenville, WV, US (ID:GHCND:USC00463544)) Station Map (ID: Glenville, WV, US (ID:GHCND:USC00463544))

West Virginia’s temperature changes do not seem …

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Tennessee

Station Map (ID: Rogersville, TN US (ID:GHCND:USC00407884)) Station Map (ID: Rogersville, TN US (ID:GHCND:USC00407884))

Like other states west of the Appalachian Mountains, temperature changes in Tennessee are not obvious. While this crude analyze suggest that the temperature has slightly increased, we should look at other data to understand the processes influencing this region with more detail.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Atlantic Coastal Plain & Peidmont States plus and New York

New York

Station Map (ID: NY CITY CENTRAL PARK, NY US (ID:GHCND:USW00094728)) Station Map (ID: NY CITY CENTRAL PARK, NY US (ID:GHCND:USW00094728))

New York’s demonstrate a profound temperature change and with a further analysis we’ll be able to appreciate the pattern better.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Georgia

Station Map (ID: USC00098740) Station Map (ID: USC00098740)

Georgia’s temperature changes do not seem to follow the expected warming trends. In fact, this figure suggests that some cooling has occurred. As noted throughout this text, we need to be sure 1) that the records is accurate and 2) to contextulize the changes at this location with others in the region. When we found consistent data between stations in a region, we might be in a better position to determine the overall patterns. Finally, we need to better understand the dynamics of weather in the region to see if we can have a more rubost understanding of climate change.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

New Jersey

Station Map (ID: ATLANTIC CITY MARINA, NJ US (ID:GHCND:USW00013724)) Station Map (ID: ATLANTIC CITY MARINA, NJ US (ID:GHCND:USW00013724))

New Jersey (2022)’s climate has changed dramtically, especially the minimum temperatures.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

North Carolina

Station Map (ID: ASHEVILLE, NC US (ID:GHCND:USW00013872)) Station Map (ID: ASHEVILLE, NC US (ID:GHCND:USW00013872))

North Carolina (2022)’s station is in the TBD…

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Maryland

Station Map (ID: OAKLAND 1 SE, MD US (ID:GHCND:USC00186620)) Station Map (ID: OAKLAND 1 SE, MD US (ID:GHCND:USC00186620))

Maryland (2022)’s tbd

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Washington DC

Station Map (ID: USC00186350) Station Map (ID: USC00186350)

District of Columbia’s record is TBD

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Pennsylvania

Station Map (ID: SCHENLEY LOCK 5, PA US (ID:GHCND:USC00367863)) Station Map (ID: SCHENLEY LOCK 5, PA US (ID:GHCND:USC00367863))

Pennsylvania (2022)’s tbd

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

South Carolina

Station Map (ID: ANDERSON, SC US (ID:GHCND:USC00380165)) Station Map (ID: ANDERSON, SC US (ID:GHCND:USC00380165))

South Carolina (2022)’s tbd

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Midwest

Arkansas

Station Map (ID: NEWPORT, AR US (ID:GHCND:USC00035186)) Station Map (ID: NEWPORT, AR US (ID:GHCND:USC00035186))

Arkansas’s climate record is ambiguous at best. Cooling maximum temperatures and warming minimum temperatures. Like all our stations, the record deserves further evaluations to determine what has been happening in the region.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Illinois

Station Map (ID: KEOKUK LOCK DAM 19, IA US (ID:GHCND:USC00134381)) Station Map (ID: KEOKUK LOCK DAM 19, IA US (ID:GHCND:USC00134381))

Illinois (2021)’s record is ambiguous and deserves follow work.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Indiana

Station Map (ID: Mount Vernon, IN US (ID: GHCND:USC00126001)) Station Map (ID: Mount Vernon, IN US (ID: GHCND:USC00126001))

Indiana (2022)’s record does not seem to demonstrate an obvious pattern, thus deserves additional analyses.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Iowa

Station Map (ID: Koekuk Lock Dam, IA US (ID: GHCND:USC00134381)) Station Map (ID: Koekuk Lock Dam, IA US (ID: GHCND:USC00134381))

Iowa (2022)’s weather records suggest an ambiguous result and deserves additional follow up.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Michigan

Station Map (ID: ALMA, MI US (ID:GHCND:USC00200146)) Station Map (ID: ALMA, MI US (ID:GHCND:USC00200146))

Michigan (2022)’s record suggests a pretty dramatic increase in temperatures, especially in the daily minimums and worth a deeper dive.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Minnesota

Station Map (ID: MORRIS WEST CENTRAL RESEARCH AND OUTREACH CENTER, MN US (ID:GHCND:USC00215638)) Station Map (ID: MORRIS WEST CENTRAL RESEARCH AND OUTREACH CENTER, MN US (ID:GHCND:USC00215638))

Similar to Michigan, Minnesota (2022)’s climate record suggests a dramatic increase in temperatures, especially in the daily minimums and worth a deeper dive.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Ohio

Station Map (ID: WARREN 3 S, OH US (ID:GHCND:USC00338769)) Station Map (ID: WARREN 3 S, OH US (ID:GHCND:USC00338769))

Ohio (2022)’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Wisconson

Wisconson 2022’s tbd…

Great Plains

Colorado

Station Map (ID: USC00054770) Station Map (ID: USC00054770)

Colorado’s record in the Front Range region suggest little change in the temperature record, but additional analysis are needed to shed light on the actual patterns of change.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Kansas

Station Map (ID: HORTON, KS US (ID:GHCND:USC00143810)) Station Map (ID: HORTON, KS US (ID:GHCND:USC00143810))

Kansas (2022)’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Montana

Station Map (ID: BOZEMAN MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, MT US (ID:GHCND:USC00241044)) Station Map (ID: BOZEMAN MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, MT US (ID:GHCND:USC00241044))

Montana (2022)’s record suggests a strong warming signal, which seems to be particularly pronounced in the maximum temperatures.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Nebraska

Station Map (ID: DAVID CITY 4 E, NE US (ID:GHCND:USC00252205)) Station Map (ID: DAVID CITY 4 E, NE US (ID:GHCND:USC00252205))

Nebraska (2022)’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

North Dakota

Station Map (ID: WILLOW CITY, ND US (ID:GHCND:USC00329445)) Station Map (ID: WILLOW CITY, ND US (ID:GHCND:USC00329445))

North Dakota (2022) TBD

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Oklahoma

Station Map (ID: STILLWATER 2 W, OK US (ID:GHCND:USC00348501)) Station Map (ID: STILLWATER 2 W, OK US (ID:GHCND:USC00348501))

Oklahoma (2022)’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

South Dakota

Station Map (ID: HURON REGIONAL AIRPORT, SD US (ID:GHCND:USW00014936)) Station Map (ID: HURON REGIONAL AIRPORT, SD US (ID:GHCND:USW00014936))

South Dakota (2022)’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Wyoming

Wyoming (2022)’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Gulf States

Alabama

Station Map (ID: USC00018024) Station Map (ID: USC00018024)

(Alabama)’s record is ambiguous, but further analysis might help us better understand how the climate is changing in the region.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Florida

Station Map (ID: Fort Meyers Page Field Airport, FL, US (ID: GHCND: USW00012835)) Station Map (ID: Fort Meyers Page Field Airport, FL, US (ID: GHCND: USW00012835))

Florida’s weather is complex becuase of the influence of the Gulf of Mexico and how the tropical climate extends into the southern tip of the state. Nevertheless, we see a clear, dramatic increse in temperatures. With some additional analysese, we might be able to further understand what’s going on.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Louisiana

Station Map (ID: ALEXANDRIA, LA US (ID:GHCND:USC00160098)) Station Map (ID: ALEXANDRIA, LA US (ID:GHCND:USC00160098))

Louisiana (2022)’s record is a bit ambiguious, where minimum temperatures might be warming and maximum temeratures do not look like they have changed much. It will be interested to see if we can glean patterns with additional analyses.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Mississippi

Station Map (ID: HATTIESBURG, MS US (ID:GHCND:USC00223887)) Station Map (ID: HATTIESBURG, MS US (ID:GHCND:USC00223887))

Mississippi (2022)’s TBD

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Texas

Station Map (ID: Haskell, TX US (ID: GHCND:USC00413992)) Station Map (ID: Haskell, TX US (ID: GHCND:USC00413992))

Texas’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Selected States with the Inter-Mountain West

Arizona

Station Map (ID: USC00028619) Station Map (ID: USC00028619)

Arizona’s climate is extremely disturbing, where Tombstone’s data point to a recent rapid change in temperatures.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Idaho

Station Map (ID: Porthill, ID US (ID: GHCND:USC00107264)) Station Map (ID: Porthill, ID US (ID: GHCND:USC00107264))

Idaho’s record indicates dramatic warming the last century. While the state has relatively mild summer temperatures, these changes have important implications for forest fires which are highly senstive to heat.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

New Mexico

Station Map (ID: CIMARRON 4 SW, NM US (ID:GHCND:USC00291813)) Station Map (ID: CIMARRON 4 SW, NM US (ID:GHCND:USC00291813))

New Mexico (2022)’s record is ambiguous, but it’s not surprising, the state has a lot of topographic variation, so a more detailed analysis might help us with the patterns at the state.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Nevada

Station Map (ID: WINNEMUCCA AIRPORT, NV US (ID:GHCND:USW00024128)) Station Map (ID: WINNEMUCCA AIRPORT, NV US (ID:GHCND:USW00024128))

Nevada’s recorid is ambigous and possibly even contradictory and demonstrates the counter intuitive results at one location.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Utah

Station Map (ID: Moab, UT, US (ID:GHCND:USC00425733)) Station Map (ID: Moab, UT, US (ID:GHCND:USC00425733))

Utah’s record is a bit surprising. While there has been a long-term trend, the recent trend suggests some cooling. It’s likely this cooling is a short-term trend, but the pattnern suggests the importance to further analyze the specific processes that are influencing the weather in this region.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

West Coast

California

Station Map (ID: USW00023271) Station Map (ID: USW00023271)

California’s temperatures are changing dramatically and radically! The Sacramento station’s temperatures are rising fast that will impact water supplies and agriculture productivity.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Oregon

Station Map (ID: ASHLAND, OR US (ID:GHCND:USC00350304)) Station Map (ID: ASHLAND, OR US (ID:GHCND:USC00350304))

Oregon (2022)’s tbd

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Washington

Station Map (ID: USC00018024) Station Map (ID: USC00018024)

Washington (2022)’s tbd

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Non-Contiguous States and Territories

Alaska

Station Map (ID: USW00026617) Station Map (ID: USW00026617)

Alaska demonstrates one of the patterns observed by climate scientists: The poles experience more warming than many other parts of the world.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Hawaii

Station Map (ID: USC00516588) Station Map (ID: USC00516588)

Hawaii’s climate records do not suggest a strong change, but we’ll need to do a more detailed analysis to better appreciate the patterns.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Temperature and Precipitation distribution by 20-year periods. Overlap between curves demonstrates high variability. When red line is to the right of the blue line it suggests warming. NOTE: This is a crude analysis, see link for more information.

Parallel issues in Europe and Asia